Important Topo terms

Revision -Important Toposheet definitions

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS FROM TOPO MAPSREPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF): It is the ratio between the distances on the map to its corresponding distance on actual ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000. 
2. SCALE : Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance of the same points on the ground.The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000.
3. CONTOUR: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all places with the same height above sea level. 
4. CONTOUR INTERVAL: The interval between two consecutive contours is called contour interval (*it is a constant 20 mts in your toposheets.) 
5. INDEX CONTOUR: Contour lines are thickened at regular intervals to make it easier to read contours. For example at every 100 mts the contour line is made darker. The darker lines are called Index Contours.
 6. TRIANGULATED HEIGHT: It is the height of a place which has been calculated using trigonometry, represented by a small triangle e.g. - 540 
7. SPOT HEIGHT: The height of random places between contours shown with a dot. Eg - .425 
8. BENCH MARK - Height of a place actually marked on a stone pillar, rock or shown on a building as a permanent reference. It is written as BM 200 m. 9. RELATIVE HEIGHT: Relative height is the height of a feature with reference to the height of the surrounding land and NOT to sea level.It is represented by the height with a small ‘r’ eg –12r.
10. ROCK OUTCROP: It is a portion of rock jutting above the surface of the earth. 
11. SHEET ROCK: Large areas of rock where the overlying soil layers have been eroded and removed due to mechanical weathering.
 9 STONY WASTE : A large area usually in arid/semi arid regions where the finer sand/soil has blown away leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles. 
10. BROKEN GROUND: A relief feature found mostly in dry regions around rivers and streams. It is land around river, which is totallyweathered (exfoliated) due to alternate cooling and heating. 
11. FIRELINE: A cleared pathway in a forest to prevent the spread of forest fires.
12. MIXED FOREST: A forest with more than two varieties of trees growing in close proximity to each other. 
13. OPEN JUNGLE: A forest where trees are widely scattered. 
14. DENSE JUNGLE. : A forest where trees grow very close to each other. 15. OPEN SCRUB: Scrub is a vegetation found in regions with less than100 cms of rainfall. Therefore it indicates a dry region.
 16. BRACKISH: It is a well, which has water with very high salt content – generally unfit for drinking purposes. 
17. CAUSEWAY: It is a raised road over a small water body. (Usually a road used only in the non rainy months.} 
18. CUTTING: A portion of land, which has been cut in order to make land available for transport routes. (it is indicative of a rocky region) 
19. EMBANKMENT: They are raised rock or soil filled constructions on which roads/railway tracks are built. Also made near tanks and rivers to prevent flooding.
20. FORM LINES: Form lines are contour lines, but show only approximate heights above sea level as they are used to indicate the elevations of the area which are not accessible for proper survey. Hence they are drawn as broken lines and are called 'form lines'.
21. Q.C. Q.D., OC, OD,PQ, ETC : These are alphabetical codes used to represent the biggest grid sq. of 10,000 square kms.The Govt of India has adopted metric system for all measurements. All the ordnace survey maps issued by the Survey of India were drawn to the scale 2 cm = 1 km. In this system , the surveyed territory is divided into 100km X 100 km squares, and each square is denoted by English alphabets. for example, OC, OD, PQ, PG, etc . This system of map drawing is known as National Grid Reference.

22. LAYER TINTING: (colouring)While spot heights show the height of the land, they only do so at certain points. To provide an overall image which conveyed height, a technique called layer tinting was developed. Layer tinting uses different colours (or shades) to represent different heights. It is a mapping convention for darker colours to signify greater height. When using layer tinting, green is often used for low land, yellow for higher land and brown for the highest land.Layer tinting is most commonly found on physical maps. While layer tinting is useful, it does not show the detailed shape of the land.
23. DEP: It is a depression often found in sandy areas where the wind, having blown away the sand, leaves a hollow or a depression
24. HACHURING: Early cartographers attempted to show surface features on maps by using the technique of hachuring. Hachures use short lines of varying thickness to show the shape and slope of the land. In accordance with this technique, the steeper the slope is, the thicker the lines are which represent it. While hachuring was initially innovative for its time, it gradually began to be replaced since the actual height of the land was not depicted.
25. LIME KILN OR BRICK KILN: These are open furnaces where limestone is purified or bricks are baked for construction purpose.

26. HILL SHADING: Hill shading resembles a light and shadow effect. Valleys and the sides of mountains appear as though they are cast in shadow. This is a visually striking method, which is ideal for providing an overall view of the relief of an area. Hill shading, however, does not show height which means that it is no more accurate than hachuring.

LEARN THEM BY HEART - ALL THE BEST !!!

Topo 3

Let us look at this toposheet. Double click on this toposheet. You will see the enlarged topomap. Let us look at the Northern part of the toposheeet- see various features. Can you see QC,- What is it?According to the international system of location of a place the whole world has been divided into various squares. It starts frm the place where the equator and prime meridian meet and is named UA. Under the same fashion the whole world has been divided.......................... Thus the square is named QC.QC means that there is end of numbering of northing or easting i.e 0-99 on a toposheet it is written after every 100km. Here it is the end of northings.Look at the town Panthawada- It has a police station (PS), Post Office (PO), well connected roads. a temple, perennial wells, etc.Now let us to to the north-east of the map. What do you see over there? -OPEN SCRUB- What does it mean? It indicates desert or semidesert condition. The occupation in this area would be sheep or goat rearing.You will also see Lime Kiln- It is a furnace for baking limestone.Its presence shows the trade possibilities and the people working in it.Let us study 6 figure grid reference. Look at the triangulated height of 224. Let us first find out four figure grid reference. Let us see the eastings first. We locate it in easting 82. Let us see the northings. It is in northing 94. So four figure grid reference of the triangulated height is 8294. Now how do you find four figure grid refernce. We have already found out the four figure grid refernce. (8294) Let us divide that square (8294) into 10 equal squares as it is I have done in the toposheet. Look at it closely. For every 2 cms, you mark one square. So you will have 10 equal squares. For 6 figure grid reference, first 3 figures are of eastings and the second part of the 6 figure reference is of northings. We have already know easting is 82. Let us now find out the third figure from those small squares. Its in first square. So first three figures are 821 and the second part is 941. So six figure grid reference is 821941 or 822941. Did you get it? I hope so anyway.Can you see the broken ground? (I have marked in the toposheet) What is a broken ground? They are generally found along the banks of a river. Broken ground is caused by erosion during rain when the river is in flood. It usually happens in the area devoid of vegetation.

Topo chap 2

Chapter 2-Profiles Of Survey Maps 45/D7 and 45/D10

PROFILE OF SURVEY MAP 45 D/7DESCRIPTION of the Area covered by Survey Sheet No. 45 D/7 (Gujarat and Rajasthan)District : Banas Kantha and SirohiLocation: Latitude 24 degree 15’ – 240 30’ NorthLongitude 720 15’ - 720 30’ EastThis region lies in western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat at the southern end of the Aravalli Hills, immediately north-east of Sheet 45 D/10.RELIEF : The area is mainly a plain except for:1. The east central region where the hills rise to almost 500 m.,2. The lower hills of the north-east corner.The slope of the land is from north-east to south-west in the northern half and east to west in the southern portion of the map. (indicated by flow of rivers)DRAINAGE1. The Banas river (not to be confused with the Banas river which is a tributary of the Chambal river to the north) flows into the swampland area of the Little Rann, north-east of the Gulf of Kutch. On this survey sheet it flows westward. It has two main right bank tributaries – Sarod and Arado Nadis and the numerous smaller streams like the one entering the river near Chekla (8192). The only left bank tributary is the Balaram Nadi from the south-east. The Banas river varies in width from 1/4km to over 1 km and has a narrow perennial water course. The dry portion fills in during the rainy seas.2. The Sipu Nadi is a tributary of the Banas river (the confluence) lying to the west of the area shown. It flows from north-east to south-west withits two main tributaries –Varka and Mahadeviyao Nadis joining the left bank. Both rise in the hilly region to the east.In the region there are numerous other streams that join main rivers. They rise in the higher ground adjacent to the rivers and invariably their courses show large tracts of broken ground indicating soft soil easily eroded by water.SOILS: Map symbols indicate desert conditions, a large part of the plain area being sandy. Soils are soft as shown by excessive erosion causing broken ground near water courses.CLIM ATE: There are three climatic seasons:Summer hot and dry March to JuneMonsoon hot and wet July to SeptemberWinter cool and dry October to FebruaryMaximum temperatures in summer are extremely high rising to over 470 C, while minimum temperatures in December/Jan often drops to almost 0 degree C. Because of its location in western India, it receives comparatively less rainfall than other parts of the country. The rainfall which is between 50 to 100 cm annually, falls during the monsoon season. High temperatures cause excessive evaporation. This gives rise to scrub and semi-desert vegetation.NATURAL VEGETATION : Hill areas – dry deciduous forests of small treesPlains – scrub and throny trees where there is no agriculture.IRRIGATION: This region is dependent on the periodic rainfall (Monsoon), tanks, wells foragriculture. There is only one canal in the north-east starting from the reservoir (2222) OCCUPATIONS: Agriculture, rearing of cattle, sheep, camels and horses.CROPS: Winter (Rabi) – Wheat, Barley, CottonMonsoons (Kharif) – Bajra, Jowar, MaizeCOMMUNICATIONS: Except for the main line of the Western Railway and the road that runs across the south-east corner of the map through Chitrasani (8923), there are no other important communications. All other settlements are linked by cart tracks.SETTLEMENTS: Except for Chitrasani which is a rail/road centre, all the settlements are small and widely scattered chiefly in the lowland area and are either nucleated or dispersed in pattern.PROFILE OF SURVEY MAP 45 D/10DESCRIPTION of the Area covered by Survey Sheet No. 45 D/10 (Gujarat and Rajasthan)District : Banas Kantha and SirohiLocation: Latitude 24 degree 30’ – 240 45’ NorthLongitude 720 30’ - 720 45’ EastThis region lies in western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat at the southern end of the Aravalli Hills, immediately north-east of Sheet 45 D/7.RELIEF : The sheet is divided into two distinct physical divisions:1. The Aravalli Hills rising to a height of over 1400 meters and occupying the south-east corner. The ranges are more or less parallel and run in a NE to SW directon.2. A large plain covers the remaining portion of the sheet. There are frequent outcrops of rocky ground, some of it rising to over 400 m (i.e. 100 m above the surrounding country side.)DRAINAGE: In the hill area, the drainage is radial. Abu being the highest point of the area is the centre from which the rivers radiate. In the plains, the upper courses of the rivers are dendritic or fan shaped. The main stream Sipu Nadi rises in the hills north of Abu and flows in a south-west direction. It is periodic and seldom exceeds ½ km in width.TRIBUTARIES: Right bank : Sukli Nadi, Unda Wala, Dior Nadi,Left bank: Sukli Nadi, unnamed river flowing past Dhavli, Devengan Nadi and Godua NadiNOTE:1. There are three Sukli Nadis in the survey sheet.2. Because this regions lies close to the desert areas where the soils tend to break up easily, the water courses are numerous and well defined for they are able to cut channels in the soft sandy soils. They are however periodic and rely on the rainy season for the water supply.CLIM ATE: There are three climatic seasons:Summer hot and dry March to JuneMonsoon hot and wet July to SeptemberWinter cool and dry October to FebruaryMaximum temperatures in summer are extremely high rising to over 470 C, while minimum temperatures in December/Jan often drops to almost 0 degree C. Because of its location in western India, it receives comparatively less rainfall than other parts of the country. The rainfall which is between 50 to 100 cm annually, falls during the monsoon season. High temperatures cause excessive evaporation. This gives rise to scrub and semi-desert vegetation.NATURAL VEGETATION : Hill areas – dry deciduous forests of small treesPlains – scrub and throny trees where there is no agriculture.IRRIGATION: This region is dependent on the periodic rainfall (Monsoon), tanks, wells foragriculture. There is only one canal in the north-east starting from the reservoir (2222)OCCUPATIONS: Agriculture, rearing of cattle, sheep, camels and horses.CROPS: Winter (Rabi) – Wheat, Barley, CottonMonsoons (Kharif) – Bajra, Jowar, MaizeCOMMUNICATIONS: Abu, in the hill area, is linked eastwards by two main roads, which run south-east to Abu Road and north-east to Oriya. In the south of this region the east-west main road links up at Karaunti (0700) with another main road which runs parallel to the foot-hills and connects a number of settlemtns. Many of the smaller settlements are linked by cart tracks.SETTLEMENTS: Abu is a large hill resort, an administrative and an educational centre. In the plains, there are numerous settlements of much smaller size of which Sirori (2023) is the most important.

Topo interpretation skills

Hello,See the features of this toposheet. Divide the toposheet into 4 quarters. Study the each quarter. For example North west corner (A), North East Corner (B), South West Corner(c) and South East Corner (D). For example what features do you see in the A Corner???First of all, you see river Sipu, a few nucleated settlements, yellow wash, open scrub, little bit of green forest on top of A corner, we can see some spot heights too. Can you see a cart track (red line)? We can also see perennial wells (blue). Did you spot stony waste (8596)? In the same way, go through the B corner and C corner and D corner. Make a mental picture of the toposheet with prominent symbols. After having a quick glance of thetoposheet, read the questions that are asked. You have 15 minutes to read the question paper. First read the other questions and then come to the toposheet which requires more time to read. Keep a pencil ready to mark few features.For the bigger view of the toposheet, click on top of the picture.Can you see R.F.? You can see at the bottom right. R.F. is 1:50,000. I have already explained to you how to write R.F. in the earlier lesson.can you see the scale? You can see almost near the R.F. The scale is 2cm to 1 km. It means 2cm on the map is equal to the 1km on the ground. Good, i suppose u understood.What's the contour interval of the toposheet? Check the contour interval near the scale. Contour interval of this toposheet is 20 metres.(usually it is 20 metres)What else can you see? Ok, let's do the direction which i have explained to you earlier. Find out what is the directionof Rajkot lie from Gangudra? First of all, Rajkot is in grid square 8995 and gangudra is in grid square 8793. Imagine you are in Gangudra and you want to go to Rajkot from Gangudra? First of all, you hv to go up which is north and then you have to turn right, which is east direction.Therefore the comapass direction is north-east from Gangudra. Do you follow?Where do you find the lowest part in the toposheet? The south west corner is the lowest part in the map. because two rivers flow towards south west whichis an indication of the slope. check the spot heights in the map. they are decreasing towards south west. Identify some spotheights in the map.See the settlements on the map: What type of settlement do you find? Ofcourse, nuclear/compact/clustered. If you didnt understand, read the text book on settlements and come back to the blog.What kind of rainfal this area gets? check the rivers-we can see broad sandy bed exposed, a thin water channel, (in blue) several cart tracks, and a pack track. This shows that the area gets seasonal rainfall.Now let us see the occupation. Study the toposheet closely. I had told you about the occupations. Go through it again. Let us study the occupation of Bhadli (Jhat) - grid square 8596. What do you notice there? click the toposheet and check. its is A CORNER. There is a river, perennial wells (Blue dots), yellow patch(which means agriculture) and stony waste. Can you see them? From this we know that the occupation of the people of that area is cultivation and stone cutting or extraction of limestone. This is indicated by the presence of agricultural land ( in yellow colour), perennial wells and the presence of lime kilns.It is a clustered settlement too.Can you see the irrigation facilities or source of water? We can see the river which has narrow blue line which means it is perennial even though the river is seasonal. Then we also can see the perennial wells. So two perennial source of water is the River waters and well irrigation.Let's study man made features - we can see few temples in the toposheets and permanent huts. I couldn't see any post office. As I have told you, my eyes are not very sharp. In the exam, they will ask one or two man-made features. So the man-made features are temples and permanent huts.Now let's study the natural features - We can see rivers, trees, islands in the middle of the river, jungles, mines, pack tracks, cart tracks, lined wells, etc. You can see all these in this map. So, you select any two. The natural feature is river and forest. Sometime they will give a grid square and ask to you to mention one man-made feature and one natural feature. Go and locate that grid square and follow the points that I have told you.Let us see the drainage pattern on the map. See the area around the town Gangudra.(Grid square 8793) See the drainage pattern around the area-dont see only in the grid square 8793. Go beyond that. The river or drainage pattern is Rectangular or Trellised. Can you see the shape of the river? Thin lines that join the main river. Read the text book regarding the drainage pattern (if you have not understood) There are three drainage patterns - Dendritic(Tree like or veins of a leaf) Trellis/Rectangle and Radial.Let us study the river bed of Sipu- In what two ways does the river bed of Sipu convey that it flows through a region of seasonal rainfall? We did go through that earlier. Study the river. It has a broad sandy riverbed which is exposed. If you dont understand the sandy river bed, go to the text book and looks for the symbos of sandy bed. You will see it in my blog too. It also has a thin water channel in the middle of the river. We also see many cart and pack tracks passing the river. Therefore, the river doesn't have much water in the summer season and so the river dries up. Do you follow me? Since the river is dry, you see the sandy beds and cart and pack tracks passing the river. So the people can cross the river during summer. Therefore it is a seasonal river.(it means the river gets water only in the rainy season).What are the conventional sighs near north east part of the toposheet near open mixed jungle? - check corner B - We find broken ground there. So what is broken land? Broken land gives rise to Bad land topography. These are generally found along the banks of a river. Broken ground is caused due to erosion during rain when the river is in flood. It usually heappens in the area where there is no vegetation/plants.Some time a question comes on the comparision of two settlements. Now let us study the village Jigol (grid square 8590) and other villages. Jigol is better off than other settlements. It has good transport system in comparision with other villages. We can see many cart tracks leading into the village. Plus it has many lined wells for irrigation purposes.In which quarter of the map extract do you find the lowest area to be? Divide the whole toposheet into 4 corners. We have done that in the beginning. Look for the spot heights in the toposheet. if you study the heights, you will find south west qurater of the map are decreasing towards the south west. See also the river flowing. They flow towards the south west. So the south-west corner of the map exatract is the lowest region.Hope you know how to find grid squares - 4 figure or 6 figure/digit grid reference. Find four digit grid square is easy but the problem begins when you have to find 6-digit grid reference. When you are asked to locate the 6-digit reference, rememeber these points. First find the square. Ok, let us locate a place using 6-figure grid reference of a temple in the north east of Odhava. Ok, let us see the 4-figure grid reference. It is in the grid square 8992. This is four figure grid reference. now we need 6-figure grid reference. After locating 4-figure grid reference, divide that square into 4 equal parts. First take a ruler and place it on the horizontal line of that grid square(. get the mid point. Then place the ruler on the vertical line and find the mid point and join these mid points. then u get the mid point of easting and northings. then u locate the spot in the grid square and if the spot is beoynd the mid point, then it wil be above 5. You can find the exact 6 figure grid reference by dividing grid squares into 10 blocks. Hold the scale vertical and horizontal on that grid square and join them. Now u get 10 X 10 equal squares. NOw you see where is the spot and give the grid reference.894925

Geography tips

Here are a few last-minute tips for writing your Geography exam:

* Do not overwrite in your maps. Mark the asked things lightly so that you can erase it easily if you feel like changing your answer.
* Make sure you label diagrams (if any) and things in the map in capital/uppercase letters.
* Check your calculation while attempting questions related to annual rainfall in the chapter, ‘Climate of India’.
* Revise frequently asked ‘give reason’ questions.
* Revise the map of India just before your exam begins and attempt the map first thing once your exam starts so that you still remember the markings.
* Write your name and necessary details along with question number and section on the map.
* Read the questions carefully while attempting topography so that you know what is being asked, especially in determining the distance of a place from another or the distance to a place from another. There are also other questions which can be tricky so pay attention to detail.
* Write your answers in points and underline important keywords. Write
to-the-point and don’t elaborate unnecessarily.
* Use a pencil for marking things on the map. Shade the regions required
(if any) with pencil, ex. polka dots, zig-zag, horizontal and vertical lines, checkered, etc. There’s no need to use different-colored pencils for shading.
* Make sure you include a key if required. Or else, mark the shaded area or symbol with the sub-question number, ex. Q1 is about the map of India and (i) to (x) are the sub-questions: draw an arrow next to the symbol and mark it with the respective sub-question from (i) to (x).Hope you do well in your exam! Keep visiting for more such tips! :)

History icse tips raviraghuvanshi84@gmail.com

ICSE Social Science Papers include History, Civics and Geography and the average of the total marks fetched in these two papers are considered to be the total marks fetched in the ICSE Social Science Papers.
Like  English and Science, it is very important for the students to do well in both the papers of Social Science in order to get a good grade in the ICSE Social Science Paper.But it is seen that at times students do have problems in attaining good grades either in the History and Civics Paper or in the Geography Paper.
Hence due to this lack of inconsistency an average student as well as a good student fails to bring about a good percentage in Social Science Paper and hence this affects his entire precentage in his exam. Thus to help examinees taking up the ICSE  Exam achieve good grades in both the Social Science Papers here are some of the golden rules that they need to keep in mind.
1) History & Civics Exam demands not only mugging up the answers but also exaggeration and elaboration of certain points. For this the students must adopt a good and neat flair for writing out and composing the answers with relevant and factual details.
2) Concentrate on the objective type of questions and try to solve as many sample papers as possible. Remember most of the questions are set from the previous years’ sample papers and hence by solving the previous question papers might give the students a hint of the type of questions that might come for this year’s exam.
3) Go through the pictures of the various temples, shrines, monuments, architecture and various other similar artifacts that are given in the lessons. Memorize the names of each monument and shrine and marshal every bit of detail related to these monuments. This will help the students to answer the picture questions easily and would help them to fetch a lot of marks.
4) If need be get photocopies of each diagram and set questions related to that monument yourself and try to answer them. Then check whether the answers are correct or not. This practice will guide the students to detect the areas they need to concentrate and work on.
5) Read the long answer questions thoroughly and plan out what points you need to add in your long answer. Each point must be relevant and related to the question. Try to elaborate on each point by adding facts and relevant information from the lesson. Long Answer doesn’t demand pages and pages of irrelevant points but necessary and informative elaborations on the required points.
6) Try to get as many of the answers to the objective questions correct because it is easier to score in Objectives rather than in Long Answers. Choose your long answer questions confidently and make sure that you are able to elaborate on that particular topic.
7) In the Civics Section try to be as precise as possible and write only the facts. Understand and then write out the answers of the selected questions. Do not waste time in pondering too much on one particular question. Spread your time well so that you can complete the paper within the given span of writing time.
8) Before appearing for a History & Civics Exam make sure to practice writing at home in order to maintain the time. Only by mugging up answers will not help you to get good marks. Try to do a quick brainstorming of the points after you memorize the answers one by one. This will help the students to recall all the points with ease when they sit for the ICSE History & Civics Exam and at the same time will help them to manage the writing time.
9) In order to remember the dates and the events in History, try to use the learning aid named Timeline. Draw a straight line on a sheet of rough paper and write out the dates on it and then list the events beside the concerned date with different colors. The use of this timeline with different colors is a must-to-do before the exam as it will help the students to recall all the dates and the events without any difficulty.
10) Avoid taking extra sheets if not required. Remember it is the quality of your answers that will be marked and not the quantity. So whenever you attempt any question in History & Civics ICSE Exam Paper, make sure to add and elaborate only on what is necessary.History & Civics Paper might be a burden as there is too much to learn and write. But once the students understand the technique to prepare for this subject then everything will fall into its right place.

Tips to top Geography

Geography Paper which is another paper of Social Science and students must have a proper understanding of how to answer the Geography Paper in the coming ICSE Exam
1) In the ICSE Geography Exam two things are very important and will help the students to fetch a lot of marks. They are the topography sheet and the questions related to this section which carries full 20 marks and map work which also carries a good weight age of marks.Hence the first step for the students appearing for this year’s exam is to practice map pointing and working out questions on topographical sheets as many as possible before appearing for the exam.A student who manages to get all the answers correct in these two sections will definitely be able to score well in this exam. So make sure students that you prepare yourselves thoroughly in these two sections.
2) Revise each and every lesson very well and try to remember the names of each forest and their features, dams and their locations, soil and their compositions and so on for objective type of questions. Examinees must target these objective type of questions and must be able to get all the answers correct as these questions are easy and simple to score marks.
3) While answering the questions on differences and similarities make sure to illustrate your answers with examples of places and locations of any other as required. If need be draw a small rough outline of the map of that particular place and point out the areas. This leaves a very positive impact on the examiner.
4) Avoid writing long answers in Geography because it is a subject to understand and not mug up. Write only to the point answers and try to make sub headings wherever necessary. Each answer whether the question demands or not must have examples supporting the content of the answer. Remember like the Science answers Geography answers also require illustration to support the content.
5) Label all your diagrams properly. Without proper labeling the diagrams might not fetch the deserving marks from the examiner no matter how good it might be.
6) Questions demanding explanations must be answered to the point by adding only the relevant reasons. Students are requested not to exaggerate their answers as this might divert them from the relevant information.
7) Always carry colors and compass box as it is often required during the Geography Exam.
Although Geography might sound to be a heavy subject, yet the questions are always easy and interesting to answer, for any examinee, only if they walk on the right track.

TIPS TO TOP ICSE LANGUAGE

Language  comes   with  practice, usually English Language is the subject on the first day of the ICSE Boards Examination. Although some students are under the impression of a Language paper being easy, yet sometimes due to anxiety, nervousness and stress, students land up making silly mistakes and wrong choices even while attempting the simplest questions.

To guide the students and put them on the right track here are a few tips that the examinee needs to follow while attempting English Paper I on the very first day.

1) English Language paper is also called English Paper I. The questions are divided into four segments under the headings like Composition, Letter Writing, Comprehension and Grammar. It is upon the students to spread out their time in a meaningful way so that each segment gets equal weight age as required.
2) Read the question paper very carefully during the Reading Time and make your choices in Composition and Letter Writing. It will be a clever move, when the examinee concentrates more on the descriptive type of essays rather than opting for other genres where too much time will be required to think and plan out. To be on the safe side it is always important to choose the topic that will give a lot of freedom to the examinee to express his views.
3) Avoid counting the words of your composition to check whether you have maintained the work limit or exceeded as it will take a lot of your writing time. You must have this rough idea of the number of pages that you need to include for a certain word limit before appearing for the exam. Remember examiners are not there to count each and every word but they are there to mark you on your meaningful content.
4) If you don’t have a good command over the language and are not confident enough to write out short and formal business letter, avoid taking up a formal letter. As it is time will run out if the examinee has to think and rethink the ideas that he wants to include in the body of the letter. So the examinee must attempt an informal letter to complete answering the second segment on time.
5) Before attempting the third segment which is Comprehension and Precis Writing, the examinee needs to read the unseen passage at least two times. The first reading should be done during the Reading Time when the student needs to have a brief idea of the theme of the passage. During the Reading Time the student also needs to go through the questions set on the passage.
The second reading should be just before the examinee attempts to write out the answers for the unseen passage. While reading for the second time, the student can scan and skim through the passage to find out answers suitable for the questions. Always use a light pencil to bracket and number the paragraphs highlighting the answers. This will help the students to find out the points easily without getting confused and wasting much of the time.
6) While attempting Precis Writing only include the points that are relevant and important. Avoid wasting time in adding unnecessary details. Do not forget to write the number of words used to compose the précis.

7) It is always sensible if the fourth segment on Grammar is attempted first. Grammar fetches a lot of marks and examinees can attempt this segment first, when they are relaxed and the mind is fresh. Keeping it for the end might give the students enough scope to make silly mistakes, as by that time the mind will be under a lot of stress in order to complete the paper on time.
8) Try to use simple language as far as possible while writing out essays or letters. Remember the examiner will not allot marks for flowery language that makes little sense and do not match with the content. Marks are usually based on Content and Expression for Essays and for Format, Content and Expression for Letter Writing. So in order to get good marks make sure that your content matches with the question and your expression must be with correct vocabulary, accurate grammar and simple and precise language.
9) Try making the correct choice and sticking to the same topic when writing an essay. Sometimes it happens that a student makes a wrong choice and begins writing. Half the way he gets stuck and struggles for ideas to continue. When he cannot, he scratches out the entire composition and starts writing again on a new topic. This leads to wastage of time and energy and as a result frustration starts boiling up within the examinee. So it is very important to make the correct choice while writing out a composition.
10) In the third segment of Comprehension, usually the students get stuck with Meanings. In order to find out the meanings of the given words, read the sentence again and again and try to understand the context in which the word has been used. Do not waste much time on this.
If possible complete the paper and if time remains, get back to this question and complete.
English Language might sound as a very simple and easy paper. But when it comes to writing out this paper, an examiner might face a lot of odds as planning and executing has to be decided on the spot.
Hence it is always good to be confident and most importantly be smart enough to make sensible choices from each of the segments.

Tips for icse literature

Dear  ICSE students,  
Hope   you  will   make    best   use   of   the    resources  what   I  always share    with   you,  this    is   just  another  one  which    will   add   feathers   to   your  cap  if    you   follow   my  tips   to   top  for    English Literature  religiously   right   from    the    scratch   of    2014   .

Let's  make  literature learning easy....Read  ..comprehend ,   share and   write for  practice and  confidence....Fundamentals for a successful student

Tips to answer English Literature Paper in ICSE 2015  Board Exam
Gear up  Guys..,

As it is important to adjust time for writing out the English language Paper while appearing for ICSE Boards Examination, it is also mandatory to be very cautious of time as well as the choices made to answer English Paper 2 which is English Literature 80 marks.
While attempting to write out answers for the English Literature Paper the examinees must follow these simple tips that will help them to score good marks in their exams.
1) The first criterion that needs to be followed during the Literature ICSE Exam is to read and understand the question properly so that the examinee must not have any confusion while writing out the answers.
2) All answers should be written to the point which means no more and no less. The examinee must remember that the examiner will mark him on the points that he will be adding to his answer. So he must write to the point answers without adding unnecessary details and wasting time.
3) While attempting the Reference to the Context questions the examinee must use separate paragraphs to answer the part questions. For instance if the first question has four parts, then the examiner must make four paragraphs. Ending line should be drawn after each answer.
4) Avoid writing long sentences while answering the contextualized questions. Remember the examiner has too many answer scripts to correct and hence she will not waste her time reading irrelevant details. So make sure answers are composed in the form of short sentences ,simple language and are to the point.
5) Avoid using too much of flowery language as Literature Paper demands more of the correct content rather than style and vocabulary. If your points are correct then you are bound to get your marks even if your answers are framed in simple language.
6) Avoid repeating the same ideas in all the questions. Even if some of the questions require the same ideas, try to rephrase the ideas in different ways. This will help the examiner to take interest to read the answers.
7) As always said, try to maintain the focus of the question when you begin writing out an answer and also try to end the answer keeping the focus of the question. Maintaining the focus of the question helps the examinee to frame a well written detailed answer.
8) Try to avoid choosing questions demanding character analysis as it requires a lot of examples to shade the character. If confident and well equipped with examples and illustrations, then only the examinee should attempt such questions.
9) Try to time out yourselves while writing out the Literature Paper. Always attempt the Reference to the context questions first as these questions provide enough scope to get marks. Attempt the detailed answers in the end.
10) Finally try to put more emphasis on the content and the points added to the answers rather than concentrating more on grammar, spellings and vocabulary because this is not a Language Paper where the examinee will be marked on grammar and vocabulary.
But here in Literature Paper, examiners concentrate more on content and to the point answers.

Happy  learning  folks,

raviraghuvanshi84@gmail.com

Polio was always secular in pain and communal in treatment

  Do   boond    jindgee  kee  ...  salute   to   Indian   govt   and  actor
Amitabh bacchan as an ambassador  for   such  a  big  cause   and   impact   is    Today    India   is   declared    Polio  free nation .80% of  the   world   is   polio   free   baring   three  asian  nations  having   maximum  polio  cases Afghanistan,  Pakistan and Nigeria.
Polio was associated with the iron lung, a large metal tank designed to help polio victims suffering from respiratory paralysis breathe.President Franklin Roosevelt was diagnosed with polio in 1921 at the age of 39 and was left paralyzed from the waist down and forced to use leg braces and a wheelchair for the rest of his life. In 1938, Roosevelt helped found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, later renamed the March of Dimes. The organization was responsible for funding much of the research concerning the disease, including the Salk vaccine trials.The man behind the original vaccine was New York-born physician and epidemiologist Jonas Salk (1914-95). Salk's work on an anti-influenza vaccine in the 1940s, while at the University of Michigan School of Public Health, led him, in 1952 at the University of Pittsburgh, to develop the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), based on a killed-virus strain of the disease. The 1954 field trials that followed, the largest in U.S. history at the time, were led by Salk's former University of Michigan colleague, Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr.In the late 1950s, Polish-born physician and virologist Albert Sabin (1906-1993) tested an oral polio vaccine (OPV) he had created from a weakened live virus. The vaccine, easier to administer and cheaper to produce than Salk's, became available for use in America in the early 1960s and eventually replaced Salk's as the vaccine of choice in most countries.Today, polio has been eliminated throughout much of the world due to the vaccine ; however, there is still no cure for the disease and it persists in a small number of countries in Africa and Asia.  There   are   many   in   India    suffering  from    this  disease  and   cursing  there   fate  as   they   are    declared   handicap by  our   handicapped   governence.